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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Evaluation of Changes in Hydration and Body Cell Mass with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis after Exercise Program for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Published on: July 14, 2023
Management of refractory rheumatoid arthritis
L B van de Putte1, E J Kroot, P L van Riel
1Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen St Radboud, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
Based on the results of a MEDLINE search (1992-1997), the term 'refractory rheumatoid arthritis' (refractory RA) is ill-defined, in terms of both patient characterization and description of previous treatments. Current strategies of management of refractory RA include increasing disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug dosage above standard dosage regimens, using combination therapy, and adding or increasing the dosage of corticosteroids. Options for further strategies include target-oriented biological agents (e.g. anti-tumour necrosis factor), gene therapy, stem-cell treatment and oral tolerance induction.
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