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Are anaphylactic reactions to snake bites immunoglobulin E-mediated?
A R Reimers1, M Weber, U R Müller
1Medical Division, Zieglerspital Bern, Switzerland.
Summary
Anaphylactic reactions after European viper bites may be linked to immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, particularly in patients with a history of allergic reactions or repeated snake bites.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Toxicology
- Allergology
Background:
- European viper (Vipera genus) bites cause local tissue damage and systemic effects including edema, hypotension, and renal dysfunction.
- Anaphylactic symptoms like urticaria, angioedema, and asthma are frequently observed following snake bites.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate the presence of snake venom-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in patients with a history of European viper bites.
- Examine potential cross-reactivity between European viper venoms and Hymenoptera venoms due to similar compositions.
Main Methods:
- Ten patients with Vipera aspis or Vipera berus bite history were evaluated.
- Skin tests and serum IgE antibody testing were performed using snake and Hymenoptera venoms.
- Controls included Hymenoptera venom-allergic individuals and non-allergic subjects.
Main Results:
- Eight patients with systemic reactions showed positive skin tests and IgE antibodies to snake venoms.
- Two patients with only local reactions had negative tests, as did all controls.
- Seven of eight patients with systemic reactions also had positive tests for Hymenoptera venoms, with partial cross-reactivity noted in one case.
Conclusions:
- Anaphylactic reactions following snake bites can be mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE).
- This IgE-mediated mechanism is particularly relevant in patients experiencing repeated snake bites.