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Related Experiment Videos

Bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems.

A D Russell1

  • 1Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|February 5, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Microbial resistance to biocides varies, with spores and Gram-negative bacteria showing higher intrinsic resistance due to cell impermeability. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective inactivation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Biocide Efficacy

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a known issue, with growing interest in microbial responses to biocides (antiseptics, disinfectants, preservatives).
  • Bacterial susceptibility to biocides differs, with spores being most resistant, followed by mycobacteria, Gram-negative, and then cocci.
  • Specific examples highlight variations, such as Bacillus subtilis spores being less susceptible than Clostridium difficile, and certain Gram-negative bacteria being difficult to inactivate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the varying susceptibility of different bacterial groups to biocides.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying intrinsic and acquired biocide resistance.
  • To investigate the potential link between biocide and antibiotic resistance and assess emerging pathogens' responses.

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Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing knowledge on bacterial responses to biocides.
  • Analysis of intrinsic resistance mechanisms, focusing on cellular impermeability.
  • Examination of acquired resistance through mutation and genetic elements, including plasmid-mediated resistance.

Main Results:

  • Intrinsic resistance is linked to bacterial spores, mycobacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria, primarily due to cellular impermeability (e.g., spore coats, mycobacterial cell walls, Gram-negative outer membranes).
  • Biofilms represent a unique intrinsic resistance mechanism via physiological adaptation.
  • Acquired resistance can occur through mutation or genetic elements, with plasmid-mediated resistance studied for mercury compounds and other biocides, though its significance is uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular impermeability is a key factor in intrinsic biocide resistance for specific bacterial groups.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the link between antibiotic and biocide resistance and to assess responses of new pathogens.
  • Continued investigation into resistance mechanisms is essential for developing more effective bacterial inactivation methods.