An airplane illusion: apparent velocity determined by apparent distance
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Updated: Jul 28, 2026

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
Published on: June 24, 2013
1Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, USA.
Abstract:
When a small drone plane appears to be a normal-sized airplane, it appears to be very far away and moving too fast. This is the airplane illusion. In the illusory situation, familiar size determines the apparent size and distance of the plane. It sets the depth for the frontal-plane component of the perceived motion and the relative depth difference for the motion-in-depth component. Because these perceived distances are very large, the perceived velocities are very large in the respective directions. Cognition can override familiarity and produce a veridical perception of the drone.
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