Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

48.6K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
48.6K
Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

5.1K
A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
5.1K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

8.6K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
8.6K
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

4.1K
Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Lay descriptions of painful temporomandibular disorders-an international consensus proposal for Global Burden of Disease estimates.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Response to Letter to Editor: "Disability Weights for Global Burden Estimation of Orofacial Pain".

Journal of dental research·2026
Same author

Pain Inhibitory Mechanisms Are Unchanged but Facilitatory Mechanisms Are Decreased in Aerobically Fit Individuals Compared to Controls: A Controlled Exploratory Study.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2026
Same author

Oxygen therapy enhances the systemic inflammatory response in a human model of experimental inflammation.

International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature·2025
Same author

Disability Weights for Global Burden Estimation of Orofacial Pain.

Journal of dental research·2025
Same author

Ovarian follicular flushing as a means of increasing oocyte yield and <i>in vitro</i> embryo production in cattle.

Reproduction, fertility, and development·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice
10:14

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Published on: March 30, 2016

12.6K

Conditioned eyeblink response consists of two distinct components.

M Ivarsson1, P Svensson

  • 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Section for Neuroscience, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|February 11, 2000
PubMed
Summary

The conditioned eyeblink response (CR) in ferrets and rabbits comprises two distinct components, CR1 and CR2. These components likely originate from cerebellar pathways or their output before the facial nucleus.

More Related Videos

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

9.3K
Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children
07:36

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Published on: September 1, 2018

40.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice
10:14

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Published on: March 30, 2016

12.6K
The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

9.3K
Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children
07:36

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Published on: September 1, 2018

40.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Understanding the neural control of conditioned responses is crucial for neuroscience.
  • The conditioned eyeblink response (CR) is a well-established model for studying associative learning.
  • The specific neural pathways and muscle activation patterns underlying CR components are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the activation patterns of the orbicularis oculi muscle during conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs).
  • To determine if the CR is composed of distinct components and to explore their underlying neural mechanisms.
  • To differentiate the neural pathways responsible for potential CR components.

Main Methods:

  • Classical conditioning in decerebrate ferrets and awake rabbits using distinct conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimuli.
  • Electromyograms (EMGs) recorded from the orbicularis oculi muscle to analyze muscle activity.
  • Investigated neural pathways using direct brachium pontis stimulation and brachium conjunctivum lesions.

Main Results:

  • The eyeblink CR consistently exhibited two components, CR1 and CR2, with differing latencies and properties.
  • CR1 was characterized by earlier onset, phasic activity, and greater resistance to extinction compared to CR2.
  • Both CR1 and CR2 were observed across species (ferrets, rabbits), conditioning paradigms, and stimulation methods, indicating robustness.
  • Lesion studies suggested that contralateral cerebellar output was not solely responsible for either component.

Conclusions:

  • The eyeblink CR is not a unitary response but comprises at least two distinct components, CR1 and CR2.
  • These components likely arise from central commands originating in the cerebellum or its immediate output pathways before the facial nucleus.
  • The findings provide critical insights into the neural substrates of associative learning and motor control.