Sacrocaudal afferents induce rhythmic efferent bursting in isolated spinal cords of neonatal rats

The ability of mammalian spinal cords to generate rhythmic motor behavior in nonlimb moving segments was examined in isolated spinal cords of neonatal rats. Stimulation of sacrocaudal afferents (SCA) induced alternating left-right bursts in lumbosacral efferents and in tail muscles. On each side of the tail, flexors, extensors, and abductors were coactive during each cycle of activity. This rhythm originated mainly in the sacrocaudal region because it persisted in sacrocaudal segments after surgical removal of the thoracolumbar cord. Sacrocaudal commissural pathways were sufficient to maintain the left-right alternation of lumbar efferent bursts, because their timing was unaltered after a complete thoracolumbar hemisection. The lumbar rhythm originated in part from sacrocaudal activity ascending in lateral and ventrolateral funiculi, because efferent bursts in rostral lumbar segments were nearly abolished on a particular side by lesions of the lateral quadrant of the cord at the L(4)-L(5) junction. Intracellular recordings from S(2)-S(3) motoneurons, obtained during the rhythm, revealed the presence of phasic oscillations of membrane potential superimposed on a tonic depolarization. Bursts of spikes occurred on the depolarizing phases of the oscillation. Between these bursts the membrane input conductance increased, and hyperpolarizing drive potentials were revealed. The inhibitory drive and the decreased input resistance coincided with contralateral efferent bursts, suggesting that crossed pathways controlled it. Our studies indicate that pattern generators are not restricted to limb-moving spinal segments and suggest that regional specializations of pattern-generating circuitry and their associated interneurons are responsible for the different motor patterns produced by the mammalian spinal cord.