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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes
09:14

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Published on: June 13, 2014

Lymphocyte activation after non-thermal trauma.

D S Walsh1, P Siritongtaworn, K Pattanapanyasat

  • 1Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, APO, AP 96546-5000, USA.

The British Journal of Surgery
|February 15, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Severe injury significantly alters lymphocyte profiles and activation markers. Soluble factors like sCD4 and sIL-2R correlate with clinical outcomes, offering insights into post-injury immune responses.

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes
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09:28

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Published on: July 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Trauma Research
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Severe injuries trigger significant immunological changes, potentially impacting patient outcomes.
  • Understanding longitudinal lymphocyte response patterns is crucial for elucidating these immune alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize lymphocyte phenotypic and activation markers in patients with severe injuries.
  • To assess serum levels of key cytokines and soluble receptors.
  • To investigate the correlation between lymphocyte profiles, soluble factors, and clinical course.

Main Methods:

  • Collected venous blood from 61 severely injured patients over 2 weeks.
  • Assessed lymphocyte phenotypic and activation markers.
  • Measured serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, and interferon gamma.

Main Results:

  • Severe injury induced profound changes in circulating lymphocyte phenotype and activation.
  • Increased T cells expressing CD25, CD69, CD71, and elevated IL-2, sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8 serum levels were observed.
  • Higher sIL-2R and sCD4 levels were noted in patients who developed sepsis syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Polytrauma causes significant alterations in lymphocyte profiles, largely independent of clinical course.
  • Certain soluble lymphocyte factors, specifically sCD4 and sIL-2R, paralleled the clinical course.
  • Further research into soluble factors as clinical correlates for lymphocyte activation and inflammation is warranted.