Activation of the alternative pathway of complement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Sequential studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have demonstrated that at diagnosis or relapse there is defective utilization of complement by the alternative pathway. Thus, the sera of 17/18 patients fail to completely consume C3 to C9 when incubated with zymosan or cobra venom factor (CoF). This underutilization is due to a specific inhibitor of C3 activation which has been partially isolated. By remission, the inhibotor disappears and the CoF and zymosan assays return to normal. In addition, serum levels of C3 and factor B are elevated at the time of diagnosis or relapse but fall to below 3 S.D. from the mean in nearly 60 per cent of the cases during induction therapy. Similarly, serum C4 levels which are normal at diagnosis fall to less that 3 S.D. from the mean in 7/12 cases during treatment. Low C3 levels correlate well with factor B values, suggesting that if C3 to C9 are utilized after the inhibitor has been eliminated, such utilization occurs primarily through the alternative pathway. Presumably, as illustrated by the low C4 levels, this activity is mediated by the ampliciation loop of the alternative pathway involving classical pathway generation of C3b.