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Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review.

L B Borghouts1, H A Keizer

  • 1Department of Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. lars.borghouts@bw.unimaas.nl

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|February 22, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Regular physical activity and training significantly improve insulin sensitivity. Exercise enhances glucose uptake acutely and for hours afterward, while training leads to lasting metabolic adaptations beneficial for preventing and managing insulin resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Metabolic health
  • Insulin resistance research

Background:

  • Physical activity benefits insulin sensitivity in both healthy and insulin-resistant individuals.
  • Distinguishing between acute exercise effects and long-term training adaptations is crucial for understanding metabolic improvements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which acute exercise and chronic physical training enhance insulin sensitivity.
  • To explore the role of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and glycogen depletion in exercise-induced improvements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on acute exercise and physical training effects on glucose metabolism.
  • Analysis of insulin-independent and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake mechanisms.
  • Investigation of adaptations in GLUT4 translocation, muscle content, and glycogen stores.

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Main Results:

  • Acute exercise enhances glucose uptake via insulin-independent pathways and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation for at least 16 hours.
  • Physical training induces multiple adaptations in glucose transport, metabolism, lipid metabolism, and hepatic glucose regulation.
  • Muscle GLUT4 protein content and glycogen depletion are hypothesized to contribute to improved insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Physical training plays a critical role in the prevention and management of insulin insensitivity.
  • Both acute exercise and consistent physical training are essential for optimizing metabolic health and insulin sensitivity.
  • Understanding these effects is vital for developing therapeutic strategies for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.