Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...
Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electronic properties of the Si/SiO2 interface from first principles

Physical review letters·2000
Same author

Chemical mediation of egg dumping in the lace bug Gargaphia solani Heidemann (Heteroptera: Tingidae).

Animal behaviour·1999
Same author

A Comparison of Streaming and Microelectrophoresis Methods for Obtaining the zeta Potential of Granular Porous Media Surfaces.

Journal of colloid and interface science·1999
Same author

Pleistocene extinction of genyornis newtoni: human impact on australian megafauna

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1999
Same author

Conditions for vigorous growth on sulfide and reactor-scale cultivation protocols for the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium chlorobium tepidum

Applied and environmental microbiology·1999
Same author

The Influence of Temperature on the Adsorption of Cadmium(II) and Cobalt(II) on Kaolinite.

Journal of colloid and interface science·1998

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Structure and bandgap closure in dense hydrogen

Johnson1, Ashcroft

  • 1Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Cornell Center for Materials Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA.

Nature
|February 25, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Metallic hydrogen, predicted since 1935, remains elusive. Density functional calculations suggest a paired metallic state is possible at specific densities, but achieving it may require advanced computational methods beyond current approximations.

More Related Videos

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
13:56

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
12:08

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
13:56

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
12:08

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Computational chemistry

Background:

  • The transition of hydrogen to a metallic state under extreme pressure has been theorized since 1935.
  • Experimental realization of solid metallic hydrogen is challenging, with studies reaching only 342 GPa.
  • The robustness of hydrogen's proton-paired insulator structure complicates direct metallization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally investigate the conditions for achieving a paired or molecular metallic state in dense hydrogen.
  • To explore alternative pathways to metallic hydrogen, preserving molecular pairing.
  • To assess the impact of many-electron effects on predicted transition pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional calculations within the local density approximation (LDA).
  • Analysis of band structure and bandgap closure.
  • Inclusion of approximate many-electron corrections to LDA.

Main Results:

  • LDA calculations predict a range of densities where a paired or molecular metallic hydrogen state is energetically favored.
  • The transition to this metallic state is linked to bandgap closure.
  • Correcting for many-electron effects significantly alters the predicted pressures for the transition.

Conclusions:

  • A paired or molecular metallic state in hydrogen is computationally plausible under specific density conditions.
  • Accurate prediction of metallic hydrogen requires going beyond standard LDA, incorporating many-electron effects.
  • Further theoretical development is needed to fully resolve the phase diagram of dense hydrogen.