A descriptive system for lower extremity evaluation in children: data for the newborn infant

An efficient and practical system for examination of the lower extremities in newborn infants and children is presented. Measurements of hip rotation and abduction are performed in a supine position. During examination, the foot is held in passive correction or induced weight-bearing position to compare the tibia, forefoot, and hindfoot alignment. Thirty-six newborn infants were examined randomly to establish standard measurements for newborns. The only statistically significant difference between male and female infants occurred in hip abduction and internal and external rotation of the hips during extension. This method of examination of the lower extremity in newborn infants is useful for routine evaluation in all children.