Aspects of follicular and oocyte maturation that affect the developmental potential of embryos

The ability to mature, be fertilized and finally to develop into a viable embryo is acquired gradually by the oocyte during progressive differentiation throughout folliculogenesis. This process starts with oocyte growth during the first steps of follicular development. As the oocyte is close to its final size, other modifications occur, less spectacular but at least as important in determining the resulting ability of the oocyte to accomplish its reproductive purpose (developmental competence). These modifications, referred to as 'oocyte capacitation', are probably influenced by the follicle. The proportion of developmentally competent oocytes increases with follicular size. However, the relationship between follicular growth and oocyte competence is not very strict, since a given oocyte may acquire its competence at any stage of follicular growth and since some examples of functional disjunction between follicular size and oocyte competence are described. Follicular atresia may impair the acquisition of oocyte competence, as evidenced by the parallel study of follicular characteristics and of the developmental potential of their oocytes treated individually through in vitro maturation, fertilization and development. However, when atresia is experimentally induced in large preovulatory follicles, oocytes remain competent, indicating that once competence is acquired, it is no longer sensitive to atresia. Oocyte maturation represents only the end of this long and progressive process and validates the preparation of the oocyte by conferring its final developmental ability. As evidenced by recent cloning experiments, the cytoplasmic aspects of oocyte maturation are crucial for the acquisition of developmental competence. This cytoplasmic maturation may be activated in vitro by the use of complex media supplement (serum, follicular fluid) but the use of defined media for maturation allowed the identification of some active factors (such as epidermal growth factor, growth hormone, inhibin and activin). The study of some differential models of oocyte competence (follicular size and atresia, Booroola gene, prepubertal oocytes) will provide a better understanding of oocyte capacitation and maturation, and allow the improvement of in vitro methods for oocyte maturation, which represent the most limiting step of in vitro production of embryos in large mammals.