Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Assessment of dimensions of pneumatisation of the anterior clinoid process in middle Anatolian population by computed tomography.

Folia morphologica·2018

Same author

Compound Odontoma: Differential Diagnosis and Review of the Literature.

The West Indian medical journal·2015

Same author

Multiple Lesions in the Upper Jaw.

The West Indian medical journal·2015

Same author

Central region morphometry in a child brain; age and gender differences.

Nigerian journal of clinical practice·2014

Same author

Fenestration of the vertebral artery: case presentation.

Folia morphologica·2014

Same author

Sjögren's syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.

The West Indian medical journal·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

A radiological method on the classification of human mandibular condyles.

M Cimen¹, A O Işik, R Gedik

¹Department of Anatomy, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

|February 29, 2000

Summary

This study classified mandibular condyle shapes using computed tomography (CT) in adults. Angled condyles were most common in males, while convex condyles predominated in females, with significant bilateral asymmetry observed.

More Related Videos

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

Published on: April 15, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

Published on: April 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Dentistry
Radiology
Anatomy

Background:

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect the jaw joint.
Understanding mandibular condyle morphology is crucial for diagnosing and treating TMD.
Quantitative radiological methods offer objective assessment of condyle shape.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantitatively classify mandibular condyle morphology using computed tomography (CT).
To investigate the relationship between condyle type, sex, and age.
To assess the prevalence of bilateral symmetry and asymmetry in mandibular condyles.

Main Methods:

A radiological quantitative method was applied to 210 mandibular condyles from 105 subjects (males and females, aged 18-62) without TMD.
Coronal sections and CT scans were used to determine condyle types (flat, convex, angled, round) and subgroups.
Statistical analysis compared condyle types with sex and age, and assessed bilateral symmetry.

Main Results:

The prevalence of condyle types was: flat (14.3%), convex (35.2%), angled (35.7%), and round (14.8%).
Angled condyles were more prevalent in males (39.6%), and convex condyles in females (40.3%).
Bilateral asymmetry was observed in 56.2% of subjects. Males showed a trend of increasing flat and decreasing convex condyles with age.

Conclusions:

Mandibular condyle morphology exhibits variations influenced by sex and age.
Angled and convex shapes are the predominant types in males and females, respectively.
A high prevalence of bilateral asymmetry suggests potential implications for jaw function and TMD development.