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Explanation for fracture spacing in layered materials

Bai¹, Pollard, Gao

¹Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305-2115, USA. bai@pangea.stanford.edu

|February 29, 2000

Summary

Fracture spacing in layered materials initially decreases with strain but then stabilizes, a phenomenon termed fracture saturation. This study reveals the underlying stress transitions causing this saturation, contrasting with prior theories.

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Area of Science:

Geomechanics
Materials Science
Rock Physics

Background:

Layered materials exhibit fracture spacing proportional to layer thickness.
Existing fracture theories do not fully explain fracture saturation.
Fracture saturation occurs when new fractures cease forming and existing ones widen.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the full stress distribution between fractures in layered materials.
Develop a physical model for fracture saturation.
Explain the transition from tensile to compressive stress between fractures.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulations
Laboratory experiments
Analysis of stress distribution

Main Results:

Observed a transition from tensile to compressive normal stress between fractures with increasing applied stress.
Demonstrated that fracture spacing scales with layer thickness after saturation.
Developed a physical model explaining fracture saturation.

Conclusions:

The transition in normal stress is the cause of fracture saturation.
The derived physical model provides an intuitive understanding of fracture saturation.
The findings have broad applications in geosciences and engineering.