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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain
09:35

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

Published on: October 24, 2017

Molecular classification of the dementias.

D M Mann, A M McDonagh, J Snowden

    Lancet (London, England)
    |March 4, 2000
    PubMed
    Summary

    Most frontotemporal dementia patients lack tau pathology, challenging its classification as a tauopathy. This finding suggests current diagnostic criteria may need revision for accurate disease understanding.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuropathology
    • Neurodegenerative Diseases

    Background:

    • Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of disorders characterized by progressive behavioral changes or language impairment.
    • Current classification systems for FTD often rely on the presence of specific protein aggregates, particularly tau pathology.

    Discussion:

    • Immunohistochemistry analysis reveals that the majority of FTD patients do not exhibit tau pathology.
    • This suggests that classifying FTD as a tauopathy based solely on the presence of tau is inaccurate for most cases.

    Key Insights:

    • The study highlights a significant discrepancy between the clinical classification of FTD and its underlying molecular pathology.
    • A substantial proportion of FTD cases are not characterized by tau accumulation, questioning the term 'tauopathy' in this context.

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    Published on: October 24, 2017

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    Outlook:

    • Re-evaluation of FTD classification criteria is necessary to reflect the diverse underlying pathologies.
    • Future research should focus on identifying alternative biomarkers and pathological subtypes of FTD to improve diagnosis and treatment.