The effect of preparation procedures on original canal shape and on apical foramen shape

With the use of clear casting resin, simulated curved canals were created so that canal preparation procedures could be directly visualized and compared. Regardless of the type of enlarging instrument or the technique used, undesirable characteristics were produced in all preparations that would make canal filling difficult. To modify the typical preparations, alteration of the enlarging flutes, use of rasping rather than rotation of the instruments, and a flaring technique are recommended.