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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The Benthic Exchange of O₂, N₂ and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Published on: August 3, 2016

Isotope fractionation and atmospheric oxygen: implications for phanerozoic O(2) evolution

Berner¹, Petsch, Lake

¹Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technolo.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|March 4, 2000

Summary

Atmospheric oxygen levels over geologic time were modeled using new carbon and sulfur isotope data. This supports a high oxygen content during the Carboniferous period, coinciding with widespread insect gigantism.

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Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

Geochemistry
Paleoclimatology
Paleontology

Background:

Models of atmospheric oxygen (O2) evolution are limited by ocean carbon and sulfur mass balance.
Previous models restricted the exploration of negative feedback mechanisms for O2 regulation.
Maintaining biologically permissible O2 levels has been a key challenge in Earth system science.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel modeling approach for Phanerozoic O2 history.
To incorporate O2-dependent carbon and sulfur isotope fractionation into models.
To test hypotheses regarding atmospheric O2 levels during the Carboniferous.

Main Methods:

Utilized laboratory experimental data on carbon-13 discrimination in plants and plankton.
Integrated O2-dependent isotope fractionation into mass balance models.
Calculated Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 concentrations.

Main Results:

The new model aligns with existing independent models of O2 evolution.
Results are consistent with biological and physical constraints on atmospheric O2.
The model supports a high O2 concentration during the Carboniferous.

Conclusions:

The developed modeling approach provides a robust method for reconstructing past atmospheric O2.
High Carboniferous O2 levels may have facilitated the evolution of gigantism in terrestrial arthropods.
This study refines our understanding of long-term atmospheric O2 dynamics and its biological implications.