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Thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in a direct developing frog.

E M Callery1, R P Elinson

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 8, 2000
PubMed
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Directly developing frogs, Eleutherodactylus coqui, undergo a pre-hatching metamorphosis. Thyroid hormone (TH) and its receptors drive this process, similar to tadpole metamorphosis, challenging previous assumptions.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Anurans typically undergo indirect development with a free-swimming tadpole stage.
  • Direct developing anurans, like Eleutherodactylus coqui, bypass the tadpole stage, hatching as miniature frogs.
  • The role of thyroid hormone (TH) in the pre-hatching metamorphosis of direct developers is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of thyroid hormone (TH) and its receptors in the direct development of Eleutherodactylus coqui.
  • To determine if TH-dependent metamorphic events occur prior to hatching in this species.
  • To propose a new model for the evolution of anuran direct development.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (TRalpha and TRbeta) during development.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Utilized methimazole to inhibit thyroid maturation and subsequent remodeling.
  • Administered TH to assess its effect on developmental remodeling.

    • Main Results:

    • TRalpha and TRbeta expression patterns were similar to those in indirect developers.
    • TRbeta mRNA levels surged around thyroid maturation, coinciding with metamorphic-like remodeling.
    • Methimazole treatment inhibited remodeling, which was restored by co-treatment with TH.

    Conclusions:

    • Directly developing anurans experience a TH-dependent metamorphosis before hatching.
    • Altered ontogeny in direct developers still involves a conserved TH-driven metamorphic process.
    • A new model for the evolution of anuran direct development is proposed, incorporating pre-hatching metamorphosis.