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Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

74.7K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:39

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Overview
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

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An update on estrogen receptors.

J A Gustafsson1

  • 1Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden. jan-ake.gustafsson@mednut.ki.se

Seminars in Perinatology
|March 10, 2000
PubMed
Summary

The discovery of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) reveals complex signaling pathways distinct from estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). This finding impacts understanding of estrogen action and disease treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Estrogen signaling was previously understood through a single receptor, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha).
  • This limited the development of targeted estrogenic and antiestrogenic drugs.
  • The identification of a second receptor, estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), has revolutionized this understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct roles and mechanisms of ERalpha and ERbeta in estrogen signaling.
  • To explore the differential functions and tissue distribution of ERalpha and ERbeta.
  • To investigate the potential involvement of ERbeta in various diseases and the development of specific therapeutic ligands.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ERalpha and ERbeta activity on specific response elements (AP1, antioxidant, Sp1).

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Imaging of Estrogen Receptor-α in Rat Pial Arterioles using a Digital Immunofluorescent Microscope

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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  • Utilizing knockout animal models (ERalpha/ERbeta single and double knockouts) to study receptor functions.
  • Investigating differential tissue distribution and regulation of ERalpha and ERbeta.

    • Main Results:

    • ERbeta mediates positive regulation by antiestrogens on certain elements where ERalpha is inactive.
    • ERalpha and ERbeta exhibit differential tissue distribution, regulation, and biological roles.
    • Knockout models confirm distinct functions and viability of ERbeta-deficient or ERalpha-deficient animals.

    Conclusions:

    • Estrogen signaling is a complex, multifaceted pathway involving distinct functions of ERalpha and ERbeta.
    • ERbeta plays a significant role in diseases such as prostate cancer, osteoporosis, depression, and menopausal urinary incontinence.
    • Development of specific ligands for ERalpha and ERbeta holds promise for treating these conditions.