Mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning effects on Ca(2+) paradox-induced changes in heart

The effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on changes in cardiac performance and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function due to Ca(2+) paradox were investigated. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to IP (three cycles of 3-min ischemia and 3-min reperfusion) followed by Ca(2+)-free perfusion and reperfusion (Ca(2+) paradox). Perfusion of hearts with Ca(2+)-free medium for 5 min followed by reperfusion with Ca(2+)-containing medium for 30 min resulted in a dramatic decrease in the left ventricular (LV) developed pressure and a marked increase in LV end-diastolic pressure. Alterations in cardiac contractile activity due to Ca(2+) paradox were associated with depressed SR Ca(2+)-uptake, Ca(2+)-pump ATPase, and Ca(2+)-release activities as well as decreased SR protein contents for Ca(2+)-pump and Ca(2+) channels. All these changes due to Ca(2+) paradox were significantly prevented in hearts subjected to IP. The protective effects of IP on Ca(2+) paradox changes in cardiac contractile activity as well as SR Ca(2+)-pump and Ca(2+)-release activities were lost when the hearts were treated with 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist; KN-93, a specific Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) inhibitor; or chelerythrine chloride, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. These results indicate that IP rendered cardioprotection by preventing a depression in SR function in Ca(2+) paradox hearts. Furthermore, these beneficial effects of IP may partly be mediated by adenosine receptors, PKC, and CaMK II.