Stochastic resonance improves signal detection in hippocampal CA1 neurons

Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon observed in nonlinear systems whereby the introduction of noise enhances the detection of a subthreshold signal for a certain range of noise intensity. The nonlinear threshold detection mechanism that neurons employ and the noisy environment in which they reside makes it likely that SR plays a role in neural signal detection. Although the role of SR in sensory neural systems has been studied extensively, its role in central neurons is unknown. In many central neurons, such as the hippocampal CA1 cell, very large dendritic trees are responsible for detecting neural input in a noisy environment. Attenuation due to the electrotonic length of these trees is significant, suggesting that a method other than passive summation is necessary if signals at the distal ends of the tree are to be detected. The hypothesis that SR plays an important role in the detection of distal synaptic inputs first was tested in a computer simulation of a CA1 cell and then verified with in vitro rat hippocampal slices. The results clearly showed that SR can enhance signal detection in CA1 hippocampal cells. Moreover, high levels of noise were found to equalize detection of synaptic signals received at varying positions on the dendritic tree. The amount of noise needed to evoke the effect is compared with physiological noise in slices and in vivo.