Mass spectrometric identification of proteins released from mitochondria undergoing permeability transition

Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a rate-limiting step of cell death. This process is, at least in part, mediated by opening of the permeability transition pore complex (PTPC) Several soluble proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space and matrix are involved in the activation of catabolic hydrolases including caspases and nucleases. We therefore investigated the composition of a mixture of proteins released from purified mitochondria upon PTPC opening. This mixture was subjected to a novel proteomics/mass spectrometric approach designed to identify a maximum of peptides. Peptides from a total of 79 known proteins or genes were identified. In addition, 21 matches with expressed sequence tags (EST) were obtained. Among the known proteins, several may have indirect or direct pro-apoptotic properties. Thus endozepine, a ligand of the peripheral benzodiazepin receptor (whose occupation may facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization), was found among the released proteins. Several proteins involved in protein import were also released, namely the so-called X-linked deafness dystonia protein (DDP) and the glucose regulated protein 75 (grb75), meaning that protein import may become irreversibly disrupted in mitochondria of apoptotic cells. In addition, a number of catabolic enzymes are detected: arginase 1 (which degrades arginine), sulfite oxidase (which degrades sulfur amino acids), and epoxide hydrolase. Although the functional impact of each of these proteins on apoptosis remains elusive, the present data bank of mitochondrial proteins released upon PTPC opening should help further elucidation of the death process.