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Related Experiment Videos

Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance.

T J Bussick1, J A McNamara

  • 1Graduate Orthodontic Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|March 14, 2000
PubMed
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The pendulum appliance effectively distalizes maxillary molars in Class II patients. Optimal results for molar movement and minimal facial height increase are achieved using deciduous second molars for anchorage and unerupted permanent second molars.

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Dental Development
  • Craniofacial Growth

Background:

  • Class II malocclusion is a common orthodontic concern.
  • Effective molar distalization is crucial for successful Class II correction.
  • The pendulum appliance is a widely used tool for molar movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal effects of the pendulum appliance in Class II patients.
  • To assess molar distalization and reciprocal effects on anterior teeth.
  • To analyze skeletal changes in sagittal and vertical dimensions across different facial patterns and developmental stages.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cephalometric analysis of 101 Class II patients (45 boys, 56 girls).
  • Data collected from pretreatment and posttreatment radiographs from 13 practitioners.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Evaluation of maxillary first molar distalization, anterior tooth movement, intrusion/extrusion, and changes in facial dimensions.

    • Main Results:

    • Average maxillary first molar distalization of 5.7 mm with 10.6° distal tipping.
    • Anterior movement (1.8 mm) and mesial tipping (1.5°) of first premolars observed.
    • Slight intrusion of molars (-0.7 mm) and extrusion of premolars (1.0 mm).
    • Increase in lower anterior facial height (2.2 mm) with no significant difference across facial patterns.
    • Erupted second molars and second premolar anchorage showed slightly greater effects on facial height and overbite.

    Conclusions:

    • The pendulum appliance is effective for posterior maxillary molar movement in orthodontic treatment.
    • Optimal use involves patients with deciduous second molars for anchorage and unerupted permanent second molars to maximize distalization and minimize vertical changes.
    • Significant bite opening was not a concern in this study cohort.