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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: July 28, 2009

Noninvasive functional imaging of human brain using light.

D A Benaron¹, S R Hintz, A Villringer

¹Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

|March 21, 2000

Summary

This study introduces optical imaging for brain oxygenation, showing it can map motor cortex changes in adults and stroke injury in neonates. This technique bridges electrical and vascular brain activity for real-time clinical monitoring.

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Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

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Published on: December 5, 2014

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Published on: April 19, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: July 28, 2009

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Published on: December 5, 2014

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Published on: April 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomedical optics
Neuroimaging
Medical physics

Background:

Cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation monitoring is crucial for understanding brain function and disease.
Existing neuroimaging techniques have limitations in spatial-temporal resolution or bedside application.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a tomographic imaging method for cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation using photon diffusion theory.
To explore the spatio-temporal relationship between electrical and vascular brain responses in vivo.
To enable real-time, bedside mapping of cortical activation and oxygenation.

Main Methods:

Analysis of photon transit time through human head, skull, and brain.
Application of photon diffusion theory for tomographic imaging.
Validation against functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans.

Main Results:

Detected focal, contralateral increases in motor cortex oxygenation during hand movement in healthy adults, correlating with fMRI.
Identified focal regions of low oxygenation in neonates post-stroke, overlapping with CT-defined injury.
Observed distinct temporal characteristics for slow optical changes (seconds) and fast optical changes (milliseconds).

Conclusions:

Optical imaging provides a single modality to explore spatio-temporal brain dynamics, linking electrical (EEG) and vascular (fMRI) signals.
This technique offers real-time, bedside monitoring capabilities for cortical activation and oxygenation.
The method shows promise for clinical applications, including stroke assessment and functional mapping.