Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Antiestrogens: clinical applications of pharmacology
1Robert H. Lurle Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. p6
Abstract:
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) appear to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in high-risk women. Five years of tamoxifen administration after the diagnosis of breast cancer results in a 50% reduction in the incidence of contralateral breast cancer. This reduction is maintained for 5 years after therapy is discontinued. The Study of Tamoxifen And Raloxifene (STAR), presently ongoing, will address the questions of breast cancer prevention, risk of endometrial cancer, the incidence of bone fractures, and coronary artery disease in women treated with these SERMs.
Related Concept Videos
Principles of Drug Action
Drugs can be agonists or antagonists. Like the endogenous ligands, agonists always bind and activate the target to produce a cellular response. Agonist binding induces a conformational change which in turn...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification
Vasopressor or pressor agents: They increase blood pressure and function as cardiac stimulants. Examples include endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and synthetic agents (phenylephrine).
Bronchodilators: β2-agonists can relax bronchial muscles and widen airways. They are commonly used for treating obstructive pulmonary...
Major Hormones and Their Functions
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

