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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

7.3K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
7.3K
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

209
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
209
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

280
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
280
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

359
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
359
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

41
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
41
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

269
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
269

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Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
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Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

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Chronic urticaria.

M Greaves1

  • 1St John's Institute of Dermatology, St John's Hospital, United Medical and Dental School, London, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|April 11, 2000
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic urticaria (CU) management requires identifying physical causes and differentiating urticarial vasculitis. Autoantibodies against the IgE receptor are found in many CU patients, benefiting from treatments like IVIg or cyclosporine.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Chronic urticaria (CU) presents diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Physical urticaria requires specific challenge testing for diagnosis.
  • Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a key differential diagnosis for chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic approaches for chronic urticaria.
  • To differentiate between physical urticaria, urticarial vasculitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
  • To review the role of autoantibodies in CIU pathogenesis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Biopsy for suspected urticarial vasculitis.
  • Challenge testing for physical urticaria and food additives.
  • Autologous serum skin testing (ASST) and histamine release assays for autoantibodies.

Main Results:

  • Histologic evidence is crucial for confirming UV.
  • A small percentage of CIU patients (<5%) show food additive reactivity.
  • Functional autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor are identified in 27-50% of CIU patients.

Conclusions:

  • UV requires investigation for underlying conditions like autoimmune diseases and infections.
  • Autoantibodies in CIU suggest an autoimmune basis, responsive to immunosuppressive therapies.
  • H1 antihistamines remain the primary treatment for most CIU patients.