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Related Experiment Videos

Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension.

B S Jonas1, J F Lando

  • 1Office of Analysis, Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Center for Health Statistics, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.

Psychosomatic Medicine
|April 20, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Negative affect, encompassing depression and anxiety symptoms, predicts hypertension development. This risk is elevated across various demographics, notably higher in Black women.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Public Health
  • Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Negative affect, characterized by symptoms of depression and anxiety, is increasingly recognized as a potential contributor to physical health outcomes.
  • Hypertension remains a leading global health concern, necessitating the identification of modifiable risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether negative affect serves as a prospective risk factor for the development of hypertension.
  • To examine this association across different racial groups (White and Black individuals) and sexes.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal cohort study utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.
  • Analysis of 3310 initially normotensive and disease-free participants over a maximum of 22 years, employing Cox proportional hazards regression.

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  • Negative affect was assessed via combined depression and anxiety symptoms; hypertension outcomes included self-reported, treated, and incident cases.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased negative affect was significantly associated with a higher risk of self-reported, treated, and incident hypertension at the first follow-up.
    • Over the full follow-up period, high negative affect predicted treated hypertension in White women (RR=1.73), Black women (RR=3.12), and all men (RR=1.56), after adjusting for baseline risk factors.
    • Similar relative risks were observed when using time-dependent covariate models.

    Conclusions:

    • Negative affect is a significant predictor of hypertension development.
    • While White women and all men with elevated negative affect showed increased risk for treated hypertension, Black women exhibited a substantially higher risk.