The roles of inhibin and related peptides in gonadal function

Inhibin A and B are dimeric proteins capable of suppressing FSH both in vitro and in vivo. The principal form in the male is inhibin B which is produced in the testis and circulates to inhibit pituitary FSH secretion. Activin A, B and AB are dimeric proteins that share the same beta subunits with the inhibins but, in contrast, stimulate FSH secretion. Although activin A circulates, castration does not lead to a decrease in serum concentrations, indicating that the testis is not the major source of activin A. In the circulation, the activins are bound to a structurally unrelated binding protein, follistatin, that neutralizes the biological actions of these proteins. The subunits of the inhibins/activins as well as follistatin are also produced locally within the pituitary and their levels can be modulated by testosterone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone as well as by autocrine mechanisms. Consequently, the output of FSH is dependent of the balance between local processes and the circulating feedback exerted by testosterone and inhibin. There is increasing data to support the local gonadal production of not only inhibin but also activin and follistatin by both germ cells and somatic cells such as the Sertoli cells. Evidence is accumulating to support the concept that these proteins exert local regulatory mechanisms in the testis.