The expression of androgen receptor messenger RNA is regulated by tri-iodothyronine in lizard testis

The network of hormonal and non-hormonal signals required for testicular activity during the reproductive cycle of the seasonal breeding lizard, Podarcis sicula, are not yet well understood. Androgens are significantly involved in meiosis and spermiogenesis, and such an effect is mediated through their receptor (AR). Estrogens also affect the testicular activity down-regulating the expression of AR mRNA. Since over the last few years, extensive works have reported, in mammals, a clear influence of tri-iodothyronine (T(3)), the biologically active thyroid hormone, on Sertoli cell activities, we carried out a study to shead light on the effect/s exerted by T(3) in lizard testis. A thyroid hormone receptor mRNA (TR mRNA) has been found in the testis indicating that T(3) might be involved in the regulation of gonadal activity. In in vivo experiments, injection of T(3) to male lizards, captured during the recrudescence period (March) and maintained under experimental photothermal conditions (24 degrees C and 15 h daylight), increased the expression of AR mRNA. The in vitro results confirmed the stimulatory effect of T(3) on AR mRNA levels. Thus, in testosterone (T) exposed cells, the highest values of AR mRNA were observed in T(3)-primed animals, indicating that T and T(3) increase AR gene transcription independently. The present data suggest that, in lizards, the combined action of androgens, estrogen and T(3) might regulate testicular activity, modulating AR mRNA levels.