Related Experiment Videos
[Central nervous system mycotic infections]
1Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Luis Vernaza, Guayaquil, Ecuador. odbrutto@srv1.telconet.net/odbrutto@telconet.net
Introduction:
There has been an increased number of cases of fungal diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) during the past few years. This paper reviews current literature about these conditions, with emphasis on recent advances on diagnosis and therapy.
Development:
While some fungi may cause disease in normal hosts, most of these microorganisms are opportunistics and affect immunocompromised hosts. With the exception of Candida albicans, that is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract, most fungi enter the body by inhalation or through skin abrasions. Common fungal diseases include aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and phaeohyphomycosis. In general terms, fungal invasion of the CNS may produce one or more of the following clinical syndromes: subacute or chronic meningitis, encephalitis, parenchymal brain abscesses or granulomas, stroke, or myelopathy. Diagnosis may be difficult on clinical grounds, and data provided by neuroimaging studies or CSF examination is non-specific. Definitive diagnosis usually rest on the demonstration of the causal agent on body fluids or tissue samples. Early administration of amphotericin B, associated or not with the new azoles, is indicated to arrest the often fatal course of these conditions.
Conclusions:
Formerly considered rare diseases, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic and the widespread use of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents, have caused an increase in the prevalence of CNS mycosis. Development of potent antimycotic drugs have improved the prognosis of fungal diseases of the CNS. However, due to diagnostic delays or the presence of debilitating conditions, some patients still have torpid clinical courses despite proper therapy.
Insights
Central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections are rising, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Early diagnosis and treatment with antifungals like amphotericin B are crucial for improving patient outcomes in these opportunistic infections.
Area of Science:
- Medical Mycology
- Infectious Diseases
- Neurology
Context:
- Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are increasingly prevalent.
- Opportunistic fungal pathogens pose significant risks, especially to immunocompromised individuals.
- Factors like the AIDS epidemic and immunosuppressive therapies contribute to this rise.
Purpose:
- To review current literature on CNS fungal diseases.
- To highlight recent advancements in diagnosis and therapy.
- To discuss the challenges and improvements in managing these infections.
Summary:
- Fungal CNS infections manifest as meningitis, encephalitis, abscesses, or myelopathy.
- Diagnosis is often challenging, relying on identifying the causative agent in samples.
- Treatment involves antifungals such as amphotericin B and azoles.
Impact:
- Improved antifungal drugs have enhanced the prognosis for CNS mycoses.
- Despite advances, diagnostic delays and patient comorbidities can lead to poor outcomes.
- Understanding recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress is vital for effective patient management.