Ancient Pygmalion joins contemporary management: a meta-analysis of the result

To determine the existence and relative magnitude of the Pygmalion effect among adults within management contexts, a meta-analysis of 17 relevant studies (58 effect sizes; N = 2,874) was conducted to provide an estimate of the population mean effect size and variation from Pygmalion interventions. Performance measures in these studies included exam scores, performance appraisals, and physical output. Results indicate that Pygmalion effects can be fairly strong within some management contexts (average d = 1.13) but may vary widely depending on moderating variables. Specifically, results were stronger in the military, with men, and when involving persons for whom low expectations were initially held. Findings also highlight the need for more research in ongoing work contexts (vs. training) and in for-profit organizations (vs. the military). Suggestions are given to help overcome possible hurdles in conducting research in these areas.