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Related Concept Videos

Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Antibody Actions01:26

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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
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Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

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Complement fixation by rheumatoid factor.

K Tanimoto, N R Cooper, J S Johnson

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |March 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) activate complement via the classic pathway when bound to antibody-coated cells. This study demonstrates a method to assess complement fixation by RF in serum.

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    Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry
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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Complement System
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Background:

    • Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are autoantibodies common in rheumatoid arthritis.
    • The role of RFs in complement activation is complex and requires further elucidation.
    • Understanding RFs' interaction with the complement system is crucial for autoimmune disease research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the capacity of polyclonal and monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors (RFs) to fix and activate hemolytic complement.
    • To determine the pathway of complement activation by RFs.
    • To establish a system for assessing complement fixation by isolated RFs.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined complement fixation and activation by polyclonal IgM-RFs and monoclonal IgM-RFs.
    • Used sheep erythrocytes (SRCs) coated with aggregated, reduced, and alkylated human IgG or rabbit IgG anti-SRC antibody.
    • Assessed hemolysis and complement component binding (C4, C3, C8) in the presence of RFs and complement.

    Main Results:

    • Polyclonal IgM-RFs, but not monoclonal IgM-RFs, induced hemolysis of coated SRCs via complement activation.
    • Complement activation by polyclonal IgM-RFs followed the classic pathway, as indicated by inhibition studies and complement component binding.
    • Hemolysis degree correlated directly with RF hemagglutination titer.

    Conclusions:

    • Polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors fix and activate complement through the classic pathway.
    • Monoclonal IgM-RFs and normal IgM without antiglobulin activity did not activate complement.
    • The described system for assessing complement fixation by RFs is adaptable for use with whole human serum.