Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 16, 2026

Mapping Infant Immunity with Minimal Input: Integrative Single-Cell and Multiomic Profiling
Published on: April 3, 2026
Childhood pernio and cryoproteins
1Department of Dermatology,, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA. william.weston@exchange.UCHSC.edu
Abstract:
Childhood pernio is an uncommon condition described mainly through isolated case reports. We examined the cutaneous spectrum, clinical associations, presence of cryoproteins, and evolution of the condition in children, and performed a retrospective case series evaluation of children with pernio seen at a single ambulatory care university center over a 10-year period. Cases were drawn from a population of 3.2 million. Follow-up was at least 3 years. We found four boys and four girls with pernio. Distribution of skin lesions was on the fingers, toes, and ears. Four children had cryoglobulins or cold agglutinins, two had a positive rheumatoid factor, and none had a positive ANA or ANA profile. All eight cleared within 3 months and did not recur over at least a 3-year period. We concluded that childhood pernio is uncommon and may be associated with the presence of cryoproteins.
Related Concept Videos
Development of Immunocompetence
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Cryo-electron Microscopy
Protein Import into the Peroxisomes
Peroxisomal Protein Import:
Peroxisomes lack the genetic machinery required to code for their own proteins. Hence, most peroxisomal membrane, lumenal and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm or ER and transported to the peroxisome...
Crying Patterns During Infancy and Toddlerhood
Transcytosis of IgG
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Humoral Immune Responses

