L-type Ca(2+) channel activation regulates induction of c-fos transcription by hypoxia

In the present study we examined the intracellular pathways that link hypoxia to activation of c-fos gene expression. Experiments were performed on rat pheocromocytoma-12 (PC-12) cells. c-fos mRNA and promoter activities were analyzed by RT-PCR and reporter gene assays, respectively. BAPTA, a Ca(2+) chelator, inhibited c-fos mRNA and promoter activation by hypoxia. Nitrendipine, an L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker, abolished, whereas BAY K 8644, an L-type channel agonist, enhanced c-fos activation by hypoxia. Ca(2+) currents were augmented reversibly by hypoxia, suggesting that Ca(2+) influx mediated by L-type Ca(2+) channels is essential for c-fos activation by hypoxia. We next determined downstream pathways activated by intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Immunoblot analysis revealed Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) protein in PC-12 cells and revealed that hypoxia increased the enzyme activity. KN-93, a CaMK inhibitor, blocked CaMKII activation and c-fos promoter stimulation by hypoxia. Ectopic expression of an active mutant of CaMKII (pCaMKII290) stimulated c-fos promoter activity under normoxia. Hypoxia increased phosphorylation of CREB at the serine residue 133 (Ser-133), and KN-93 attenuated this effect. Point mutations at the Ca(2+)/cAMP-responsive cis-element (Ca/CRE) attenuated, whereas point mutations in the serum-responsive cis-element (SRE) abolished transcriptional activation of c-fos by hypoxia. These results demonstrate that c-fos activation by hypoxia involves CaMK activation and CREB phosphorylation at Ser-133 and requires Ca/CRE and SRE. These observations demonstrate that Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways play a crucial role in induction of c-fos gene expression, which may underlie long-term adaptive responses to hypoxia.