Ubiquitination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env glycoprotein

Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env glycoprotein is stringently regulated in infected cells. The majority of the glycoprotein does not reach the cell surface but rather is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum or a cis-Golgi compartment and subsequently degraded. We here report that Env of various HIV-1 isolates is ubiquitinated at the extracellular domain of gp41 and that Env expression could be increased by lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that the ubiquitin/proteasome system is involved in control of expression and degradation.