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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine monophosphate—by the removal of a second...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions. Cells...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency
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Coordinated changes of adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP: use in ecotoxicological studies.

M T Thébault1, J P Raffin, A M Picado

  • 1Station Marine du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle et du Collège de France, Concarneau Cedex, 29182, France.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|May 12, 2000
PubMed
Summary

A new model detects xenobiotic impacts on cellular energy by analyzing adenylate kinase activity. This approach enhances pollution monitoring by revealing subtle energetic changes missed by traditional methods.

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Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency
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Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Cellular energy metabolism, particularly the adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratio, is crucial for organismal health.
  • Existing methods for pollution monitoring using energetic parameters have limitations in detecting subtle environmental impacts.
  • Adenylate kinase plays a key role in cellular energy homeostasis and can be affected by environmental stressors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a model for sensitive detection of xenobiotic effects on the adenylate kinase system.
  • To assess the direct and indirect impacts of pollutants on cellular energy metabolism.
  • To improve the reliability of pollution monitoring by overcoming limitations of traditional energetic parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling coordinated variations of adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratio.
  • Deriving a function dependent on adenylate kinase-catalyzed reaction values.
  • Applying the model to ecotoxicological data from laboratory (shrimp, cadmium) and field (oysters, polychlorinated biphenyls) studies.

Main Results:

  • The model effectively detects xenobiotic effects on adenylate kinase and its cellular environment.
  • Pollutants like cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls were shown to affect the adenylate kinase reaction directly or indirectly.
  • The model identified energetic changes missed by standard analyses of usual energetic parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model offers a robust method for estimating xenobiotic effects on the adenylate kinase system.
  • This approach enhances ecotoxicological data analysis, revealing subtle energetic disruptions.
  • The model provides a valuable tool for pollution monitoring, improving upon conventional energetic parameter assessments.