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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

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Influenza B virus in seals.

A D Osterhaus¹, G F Rimmelzwaan, B E Martina

¹National Influenza Center, Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Doctor Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 12, 2000

Summary

Influenza B virus, a human pathogen, was found in harbor seals, suggesting a potential animal reservoir. This discovery highlights a possible threat to human health from past circulating strains.

Area of Science:

Virology
Marine Mammal Health
Zoonotic Diseases

Background:

The origin and natural reservoirs of Influenza B virus, a significant human pathogen, remain largely unknown.
Influenza B virus poses a continuous threat to public health globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential for Influenza B virus to circulate in non-human animal populations.
To identify a possible natural reservoir for Influenza B virus strains that have previously circulated in humans.

Main Methods:

Isolation and characterization of an influenza B virus from a naturally infected harbor seal (Phoca vitulina).
In vitro infectivity assays using seal kidney cells.
Sequence analyses and serological testing of seal sera and viral isolates.

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Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

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Retrospective analysis of seal serum samples collected over time.

Main Results:

An influenza B virus (B/Seal/Netherlands/1/99) was successfully isolated from a harbor seal.
The isolated seal influenza B virus was infectious to seal kidney cells in vitro.
Sequence and serological data revealed the seal virus is closely related to human strains from 4-5 years prior.
Antibodies to influenza B virus were detected in 2% of seals sampled after 1995, but not in earlier samples.

Conclusions:

Harbor seals may act as a reservoir for Influenza B virus, harboring strains that have previously circulated in humans.
The presence of these viruses in seals represents a potential zoonotic threat to human populations.
Further research is warranted to understand the dynamics of influenza B virus in marine mammals and its implications for public health.