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Related Experiment Video

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Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

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Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes?

S J Andelman¹, W F Fagan

¹National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. andelman@nceas.ucsb.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|May 17, 2000

Summary

Conservation strategies using umbrella and flagship species may be limited. Studies show these surrogate species do not significantly outperform random selections for protecting regional biodiversity.

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Area of Science:

Conservation Biology
Biodiversity Assessment
Spatial Ecology

Background:

Umbrella and flagship species are popular conservation surrogates for poorly understood regional biota.
Assumptions about the effectiveness of these surrogate species remain largely untested.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of various conservation surrogate schemes.
To determine the number of species protected and associated costs for different surrogate strategies across diverse habitats.

Main Methods:

Analysis of biodiversity databases with spatial incidence data for species of concern.
Evaluation of surrogate schemes including big carnivores, charismatic species, keystone species, and wide-ranging species.
Comparison of scheme performance against randomly selected species groups.

Main Results:

No evaluated surrogate scheme significantly outperformed random species selection in protecting biodiversity across three distinct databases (California, Columbia Plateau, USA).
The effectiveness of surrogate species varied, but none consistently offered superior conservation outcomes.
Publicity value of some surrogate species does not guarantee enhanced biodiversity protection.

Conclusions:

The utility of umbrella and flagship species as surrogates for regional biodiversity may be limited.
Conservation planning should consider alternative or complementary strategies beyond traditional surrogate species.
Further research is needed to refine methods for selecting effective biodiversity surrogates.