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Updated: Oct 9, 2026

Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia
Published on: May 6, 2014
Antibiotic treatment of patients with pneumonia and pleural effusion
1Pulmonary Division, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Abstract:
Despite all medical advances of this century, pneumonia is still a common condition and the sixth leading cause of mortality in the United States. A pleural effusion develops in up to 40% of cases of pneumonia and empyema in 5% to 10% of those patients. The morbidity and mortality rates in patients with pleural effusions as a consequence of pneumonia are higher than in patients with pneumonia alone. In this review we discuss the classification, bacteriology, and the appropriate antibiotic treatment of patients with parapneumonic pleural effusions.
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