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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis
23:06

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Published on: August 11, 2008

Redefining MDR-TB transmission 'hot spots'.

M C Becerra1, J Bayona, J Freeman

  • 1Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
|May 18, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Identifying multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) hotspots requires more than just the proportion of MDR-TB cases. Including incidence rates and absolute case numbers improves accuracy for global TB control efforts.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis
23:06

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Published on: August 11, 2008

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray
07:35

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Published on: September 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Global Health Security

Background:

  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating effective strategies for control and resource allocation.
  • Current methods for identifying MDR-TB transmission 'hot spots' primarily rely on the proportion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases within the overall tuberculosis burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refine the definition and identification of MDR-TB transmission 'hot spots' by incorporating additional epidemiological indicators.
  • To improve the accuracy of MDR-TB burden estimation for targeted interventions and resource allocation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) global survey.
  • Estimated MDR-TB incidence per 100,000 population and expected absolute numbers of new MDR-TB patients annually.
  • Compared these new indicators with the existing indicator of the proportion of MDR-TB cases.

Main Results:

  • Generally high agreement was observed between the three indicators (proportion of MDR-TB, MDR-TB incidence, and absolute MDR-TB case numbers).
  • Some regional differences in 'hot spot' identification emerged when using the additional indicators.
  • The study highlights the utility of incorporating underlying TB incidence and absolute MDR-TB case numbers for a more comprehensive assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Defining MDR-TB transmission 'hot spots' is more effective when including estimates of underlying tuberculosis incidence rates and the absolute number of MDR-TB cases.
  • Estimating MDR-TB morbidity force allows for better cross-setting comparisons, while absolute numbers are crucial for treatment and drug procurement planning.
  • This analysis aims to stimulate discussion on improved methodologies for quantifying and comparing MDR-TB transmission 'hot spots' requiring intervention.