Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard relates to the ability of processing DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The hallmark of the excision repair pathways is the removal of DNA adducts by excision of the damaged nucleotides. In the course of repair, transient DNA strand breaks occur, which can be measured by the Comet assay. We have investigated the processing of DNA damage, mediated by nitrogen mustard, in wild-type AA8 Chinese hamster ovary cells, and in UV5, UV20 and UV41 DNA repair deficient cell lines. Whereas DNA repair could not be detected by unscheduled DNA synthesis at nitrogen mustard doses below 10 microM, processing of nitrogen mustard-mediated DNA damage was observed by the Comet assay at a 100-times lower concentration. Wild-type Chinese hamster ovary AA8 cells were able to process nitrogen mustard-mediated DNA damage within 4-24 hr depending on the dose of nitrogen mustard (0.1-10 microM). None of the repair-deficient cell lines was able to completely process the DNA damage induced by 10 microM nitrogen mustard. At nitrogen mustard doses that conferred 10% colony forming ability, the repair-deficient cells had an altered processing of nitrogen mustard-mediated DNA damage: In the AA8, UV20, and UV41 cells, the amplitude of strand breaks peaked early (within 4 hr), the level of strand breaks in the nitrogen mustard exposed UV20 and UV41 cells did not return to the baseline of the unexposed reference culture, and the peak in strand breaks in the UV5 cell line occurred after 4 hr. Our results indicate that the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay is suitable for assessing repair capability of DNA alkylations.