Formation of the mutagen IFP in model systems and detection in restaurant meats

Mixtures of the free amino acids, creatine and glucose, were dry-heated to model the potential formation of heterocyclic amines in meats. The formation of the mutagenic amine IFP (determined to be 2-amino-(1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b])pyridine) was investigated by varying heating time, heating temperature, and precursors. With an optimized mixture of glutamine, creatine, and glucose, heated at 200 degrees C for 60 min, 2 mg of IFP was purified for studies to define its structure. Trideuteriomethyl-IFP was made from trideuteriomethylcreatinine in the model system for use in LC-MS detection of IFP in foods. Analysis of well-done meats purchased from restaurants showed about half to contain IFP at levels from 1.4 to 46 ng/g of cooked meat, demonstrating human exposure to this mutagen.