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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
06:59

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

Published on: August 20, 2014

Like attracts like: getting RNA processing together in the nucleus.

J D Lewis1, D Tollervey

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICMB, King's Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 29, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Visible nuclear structures form dynamically during gene expression. RNA processing factors move by diffusion and concentrate at active sites through cooperative binding, forming these dynamic structures.

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Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
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RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method
11:01

RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method

Published on: April 30, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic nuclear structures have long fascinated biologists.
  • Recent findings indicate these structures are dynamic and form in response to gene expression.
  • The nucleus lacks active transport for RNA processing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and dynamics of visible nuclear structures.
  • To understand how RNA processing factors are recruited and concentrated in the nucleus.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind the dynamic equilibrium of nuclear components.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of dynamic structures within living cells.
  • Analysis of diffusion and concentration mechanisms for nuclear components.
  • Study of cooperative binding of processing factors to RNA substrates.

Main Results:

  • Visible nuclear structures are formed in response to gene expression.
  • RNA processing factors move via diffusion and are concentrated by transient associations.
  • High-activity sites recruit factors through cooperative binding, creating visible structures in dynamic equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear structures are dynamic assemblies formed by the concentration of diffusing RNA processing factors.
  • Cooperative binding to RNA substrates is a key mechanism for factor recruitment and structure formation.
  • These findings provide insight into the spatial organization and regulation of gene expression within the nucleus.