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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Lingo01:11

Genetic Lingo

Overview
Pedigree Analysis01:35

Pedigree Analysis

Overview
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Lethal Alleles02:41

Lethal Alleles

Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

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Published on: March 9, 2015

An X-linked gene involved in androgenetic alopecia: a lesson to be learned from adrenoleukodystrophy.

A König1, R Happle, E Tchitcherina

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Philipp University, Marburg, Germany. koeniga@mailer.uni-marburg.de

Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 1, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Men with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) experience distinct hair loss patterns, including diffuse thinning and accelerated androgenetic alopecia (AGA). This hair loss often precedes neurological symptoms and can occur despite hypogonadism.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Neurology
  • Dermatology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and its adult form, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), are X-linked disorders causing nervous system demyelination.
  • Genetic defects lead to very-long-chain fatty acid accumulation, affecting brain, adrenal glands, and potentially causing endocrine issues.
  • Hair growth disturbances are frequently reported in ALD/AMN patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To further define hair status in men with AMN.
  • To characterize the specific types of hair loss observed in AMN patients.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical examination of hair growth in 16 men with AMN.
  • Detailed patient and family history focusing on hair changes.

Main Results:

  • 12 men exhibited male-pattern androgenetic alopecia (AGA), with 10 at advanced stages.
  • 3 men showed female-pattern AGA.
  • Diffuse scalp hair thinning and eyelash loss (madarosis) were noted in several patients.
  • Hair loss often preceded neurological symptoms and endocrine manifestations.

Conclusions:

  • ALD/AMN is associated with two primary hair loss types: diffuse thinning and accelerated/severe AGA.
  • The X-linked ALD mutation may contribute to the polygenic inheritance of AGA.
  • Findings offer insights into the pathogenesis of AGA.