Evaluation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitamin D receptor knockout mice

The biological effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are mediated by a nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Targeted ablation of the VDR in mice results in hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and alopecia. Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis prevents these abnormalities with the exception of the alopecia. Because 1,25(OH)2D3 has been shown to play a role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, we undertook studies in primary keratinocytes and skin isolated from VDR null mice to determine if a keratinocyte abnormality could explain the alopecia observed. The basal proliferation rate of the VDR null and wild-type keratinocytes was identical both under proliferating and differentiating conditions. Assessment of in vivo keratinocyte proliferation at 4 days of age confirmed that VDR ablation did not have a significant effect. There was no difference in the basal expression of markers of keratinocyte differentiation (keratin 1, involucrin, and loricrin) in the keratinocytes isolated from VDR-ablated mice when compared with those isolated from control littermates. Similarly, in vivo expression of these genes was not altered at 4 days of age. When anagen was induced by depilation at 18 days of age, the VDR null mice had a profound impairment in initiation of the hair cycle. These data suggest that the alopecia in the VDR null mice is not attributable to an intrinsic defect in keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation, but rather to an abnormality in initiation of the hair cycle.