Tumor immunology, autoimmunity and aging

Cell-mediated immune function declines with aging, and may be associated with autoimmunity and malignancy. Humoral immune responses also decline with aging. The chief age-related effect on the immune system is a decrease in T-cell function. The "thymus clock" and immunogenesis are discussed in relation to aging. In animals, attempts at immunologic rejuvenation by cellular or hormonal means have not been successful as the results attained by genetic manipulation.