Cervical cancer screening in developing countries

In developing countries, cervical cancer remains a clinical problem of public health proportions. Eighty percent of the approximately 400,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year occur in such settings. Primarily as a result of the introduction and success of screening programs, cervical cancer rates in developed countries have dropped remarkably. However, in most developing countries, screening programs are virtually nonexistent. Reasons for this relate primarily to lack of public awareness and the fact that screening via cytology is an untenable proposition for mass screening in such low-resource settings. Matching the resources available to provide cervical cancer screening in such settings requires alternative means of providing testing and treatment. Recent evidence indicates that, depending on local conditions and locally-made decisions, visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid wash, coupled with a benign form of therapy, such as cryotherapy, could hold promise as a means of testing and treatment. By adapting resource-appropriate technologies and building local consensus regarding clinically driven public health approaches that are safe and feasible, the challenge of reducing the mortality from cervical cancer in developing countries can yet be met.