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Related Concept Videos

Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...
Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is covered...
Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can also...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy
14:52

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Published on: April 8, 2018

Liver function values in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition.

K D Lindor, C R Fleming, A Abrams

    JAMA
    |June 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) can cause abnormal liver function tests in adults. Most patients showed increased SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin levels, with some developing steatosis.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Clinical Nutrition

    Background:

    • Fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is used for patients requiring nutritional support.
    • Liver function abnormalities are a potential complication of TPN.
    • The specific impact of fat-free TPN on liver function requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effects of fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on liver function tests.
    • To identify the prevalence and magnitude of liver enzyme elevations in patients receiving fat-free TPN.
    • To explore potential causes of TPN-induced liver dysfunction.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of adult patients receiving fat-free TPN for at least two weeks.
    • Analysis of conventional liver function tests including SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and serum bilirubin.

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  • Examination of liver biopsy specimens in a subset of patients with abnormal liver function.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant increases in SGOT (68%), alkaline phosphatase (54%), and bilirubin (21%) were observed.
    • Median peak elevations were 3-fold for SGOT, 1.9-fold for alkaline phosphatase, and 0.25-fold for bilirubin.
    • Liver biopsies revealed steatosis in three patients and mild cholestasis in one.

    Conclusions:

    • Fat-free TPN is associated with a high incidence of abnormal liver function tests in adult patients.
    • Elevated liver enzymes may be related to cellular damage, such as steatosis, or refeeding phenomena.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of TPN-induced liver injury.