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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
Published on: October 17, 2010
Menopausal hormones and breast cancer in a biracial population
P G Moorman1, H Kuwabara, R C Millikan
1Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA. patricia.moorman@yale.edu
Objectives:
This study examined the association between menopausal hormones and breast cancer in a biracial population.
Methods:
Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for breast cancer associated with hormone use among 397 cases and 425 controls, all menopausal women.
Results:
Odds ratios for ever use of hormones were 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5, 1.2) for White women and 0.7 (95% CI = 0.4, 1.2) for Black women. Risk was not increased with longer duration of use or more recent use.
Conclusions:
Breast cancer risk was not increased among White or Black women who used menopausal hormones, despite patterns of use varying considerably between races.
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menopause

