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Related Experiment Videos

Lactation and reproduction.

A M Thomson, F E Hytten, A E Black

    Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    While lactation offers limited individual contraception, sustained breastfeeding in populations significantly reduces fertility. Hormonal contraceptives, particularly estrogen, can negatively impact lactation, while progestins may not.

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive endocrinology
    • Maternal-child health
    • Family planning

    Background:

    • Lactation influences postpartum fertility and menstrual return.
    • Contraceptive methods can affect lactation performance.
    • Existing literature has methodological limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the literature on lactation's effect on fertility without contraception.
    • To assess the impact of contraceptive measures on lactation.
    • To identify gaps in current research and suggest future directions.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of studies on lactation, fertility, and contraception.
    • Analysis of data from multiple countries regarding birth intervals and postpartum return of menstruation/ovulation.

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  • Comparison between lactating and non-lactating women.

    • Main Results:

    • Lactation is an inefficient contraceptive method for individuals.
    • Sustained lactation in populations is associated with reduced fertility.
    • Estrogen in hormonal contraceptives adversely affects lactation; progestins alone do not.

    Conclusions:

    • Physiological mechanisms of lactational amenorrhea require further investigation.
    • More research is needed to understand the precise effects of contraceptives on lactation, distinguishing pharmacological effects from behavioral factors.
    • Addressing methodological deficiencies in previous studies is crucial for future research.